Obesity is a chronic health problem characterized by excessive fat accumulation in the body that can adversely affect health. According to the World Health Organization, obesity is one of the most important public health problems of the 21st century. It is not merely an aesthetic concern but also a contributing factor to numerous health conditions, including diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, certain types of cancer, and gastrointestinal issues.

Causes of Obesity: Genetic, Lifestyle, and Hormonal Factors

Obesity is a multifactorial disease. It does not have a single cause and usually results from the interaction of genetic predisposition and environmental conditions.

1.Genetic Factors

A predisposition to obesity can be passed down among family members. Mutations in genes related to hormones involved in the hunger-satiety mechanism, such as leptin and ghrelin, can make weight control difficult. The genetic causes of obesity can also affect the treatment process.

2.Lifestyle Habits

• Low physical activity
• High-calorie, processed foods
• Irregular meals and nighttime eating habits
• Stress, insomnia, and emotional eating behavior

These factors increase calorie intake while reducing energy expenditure, leading to weight gain.

3.Hormonal Disorders

• Hypothyroidism
• Cushing’s Syndrome
• Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS)

These conditions increase the risk of obesity by affecting the metabolic rate.

Body Mass Index (BMI) and Obesity Classification

BMI = Weight (kg) / Height² (m²)

Obesity classification is based on BMI and is important in determining the treatment plan.

What are the symptoms of obesity? When does it become dangerous?

Obesity is a slow-developing process. It may be difficult to notice at first. However, over time, the following symptoms begin to appear:

• Constant fatigue, weakness
• Shortness of breath, especially during exercise
• Excessive sweating
• Sleep problems (e.g., sleep apnea)
• Joint pain
• Depression and loss of self-confidence

How Should Calorie Control Be Achieved in Obese Individuals?

• Foods with a low glycemic index should be preferred.
• Portion control should become a habit.
• A food diary should be kept.
• Water consumption should be increased.
• Sugary drinks and processed foods should be avoided.

These principles also apply to the diet following bariatric surgery.

Surgical and Non-Surgical Treatments Used in the Fight Against Obesity

The treatment of obesity should be personalized. In the first stage, the focus is on diet, exercise, and behavioral change. However, in some cases, surgical interventions may be necessary.

Non-Surgical Methods

• A suitable nutrition plan should be developed with the help of a dietitian.
• Individual exercise programs
• Psychological support (cognitive behavioral therapy)
• Drug treatment (GLP-1 analogues, appetite suppressants)

How Does Sleeve Gastrectomy Prevent Obesity?

In sleeve gastrectomy surgery, 70-80% of the stomach is removed. As a result:

• Stomach volume decreases, portions become smaller.
• Ghrelin hormone production decreases, appetite control is achieved.
• A feeling of fullness develops quickly.

Gastric sleeve surgery is highly effective in terms of permanent weight loss and improved quality of life, especially in morbidly obese individuals.

Health Problems Caused by Obesity: Diabetes, Heart Disease, and Reflux

Obesity is not just a problem of excess weight. It is also a trigger for many chronic diseases:

• Type 2 diabetes: Insulin resistance develops, blood sugar control is impaired.
• Hypertension and heart disease: Plaque formation in the arteries and increased heart load.
• Gastroesophageal reflux: Increased intra-abdominal pressure triggers reflux.
• Problems such as fatty liver, gallstones, and sleep apnea are common.

Childhood Obesity: The Importance of Early Intervention

Obesity is now a serious health problem not only for adults but also for children. Obesity that develops in childhood continues into adulthood and becomes more resistant.

Risk factors:

• Excessive screen time
• Packaged snacks
• Insufficient physical activity
• Family eating habits

Recommended interventions:

• Establish a healthy eating routine at home.
• Increase play-based physical activity.
• Limit consumption of sweets and junk food.
• Parents should act as role models.

7 Effective Diet and Exercise Habits to Prevent Obesity

• Walk briskly for at least 30 minutes every day.
• Reduce portion sizes and pay attention to plate layout.
• Replace sugary drinks with water or buttermilk.
• Develop regular meal habits.
• Eat homemade vegetable dishes twice a week.
• Maintain a regular sleep schedule during the week.
• Develop stress management and emotional eating awareness.

These habits are effective not only for obesity treatment but also for prevention strategies.

Conclusion

Obesity is a serious health issue that can be influenced by many factors, ranging from individual lifestyle changes to genetic predisposition. However, the good news is that obesity is a preventable and treatable condition. With early intervention, accurate information, and expert support, it is possible to take steps toward a healthier life.

For individuals who have undergone bariatric surgery or gastric sleeve surgery, this process becomes even more sensitive. Therefore, a personalized roadmap created with expert support is critical for successful outcomes.